BRIDGES IN OPORTO, BRIDGE OVER THE...

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Vintage-Views Antique Prints and Maps :: Antique Prints :: Scientific :: Engineering :: Bridges :: BRIDGES IN OPORTO, BRIDGE OVER THE FIRTH OF FORTH IN QUEENSFERRY,1894 Antique Print

BRIDGES IN OPORTO, BRIDGE OVER THE FIRTH OF FORTH IN QUEENSFERRY,1894 Antique Print

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A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle. Designs may be built higher than otherwise needed in order to allow other traffic (particularly ship traffic) beneath. The purpose of a bridge is to allow people travelling or cargo being transported easier passage by providing a more uniform, and more easily navigable route than what would otherwise be an uneven or impossible path. The first bridges were spans made of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. The arch was first used by the Roman Empire for bridges and aqueducts, some of which still stand today. The Romans also had cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered. Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 1500s. During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first engineering book on building bridges was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel. There are four main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges and suspension bridges.

Approximate Plate Size: 10 x 8 inches - Approximate Overall Size: 12 x 9 1/2 inches

CONDITION: Wood Engraving. FOLDED, German Text. Blank on the back. As Scanned. Image is clear and sharp with beautiful depth and detail and in Good Condition. This beautiful print would look great matted and framed. An art supply store can provide you with a selection of frames for old art treasures.

Wood engraving is, simply, the craft, or technique, of engraving, using the medium of wood. This was the earliest type of engraving. The original method — which is more precisely termed wood cutting, since it used a knife rather than engraving tools — was developed around 1400. The outlines of the design to be engraved were put down on a side of smooth-grained wood, and, usually with a knife, the excess surface of the wood block (all but the lines) would be cut away, a process called blocking. This left a set of raised wooden lines on the face of the block. In order make a print of this engraving, thick ink was applied to the raised design. This is known as a relief. Finally, a sheet of paper (or other material) was pressed firmly against the wood in order to assure that all the lines printed. This method led directly to the development of the printing press, and the 1453 introduction of a press using movable type by Johann Gutenberg.

Published by Joseph Meyer for Meyers Konversations

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SKU	0527287k6
Quantity in stock	No items available
Price:	US$20.00

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